1) IN / ON / AT

Genel mantık:

• in: daha geniş alan, kapalı alan, uzun zaman dilimi
• on: yüzey, gün, tarih
• at: nokta, kesin zaman, belirli yer / etkinlik

İngilizcede in / on / at hem zaman hem yer anlatırken kullanılır. Genel eğilim şudur: at bir noktaya, on bir yüzeye ya da belirli güne, in ise daha geniş alanlara ve daha uzun zaman dilimlerine gider. Ayrıca at night gibi sabit kullanımlar da vardır.

2) TO / INTO / ONTO / OUT OF / OFF

Genel mantık:

• to: bir hedefe doğru hareket
• into: bir şeyin içine giriş
• onto: bir yüzeyin üstüne hareket
• out of: içerden dışarı yön
• off: bir yüzeyden ayrılma

Yön ve hareket anlatırken İngilizce çok nettir: to hedefe gitmeyi, into içeri girişi, onto ise bir yüzeyin üstüne geçişi anlatır. Out of kapalı ya da sınırlı bir alanın içinden dışarı çıkışı, off ise bir yüzeyden ayrılmayı verir.

3) FOR / SINCE / DURING / BY / UNTIL

Genel mantık:

• for: süre
• since: başlangıç noktası
• during: bir dönem/esnasında
• by: en geç, deadline
• until: bir zamana kadar devam

Özellikle zaman anlatımında bu beşli çok karıştırılır. For “ne kadar süre?”, since “ne zamandan beri?”, during “hangi dönem/esnasında?”, by “en geç ne zamana kadar?”, until ise “hangi zamana kadar sürerek?” sorusunu cevaplar.

4) BY / WITH / OF / FROM / ABOUT

Bu bölümde prepositionlar sadece yer-zaman değil, araç, neden, kaynak, konu ve aidiyet ilişkisi kurar.

5) Dependent Prepositions: adjective + preposition / verb + preposition / noun + preposition

İşte B2 seviyesinin kırıldığı yer tam olarak burasıdır. Çünkü burada mantık tek başına yetmez; kalıp birliktelikleri gerekir. Yani interested in, good at, depend on, reason for, solution to gibi yapılar tek parça halinde öğrenilmelidir.

A) Adjective + preposition

• interested in
• good at
• responsible for
• similar to
• angry about / angry with

Örnekler:

1. I’m interested in history, especially the parts where kings make terrible decisions with full confidence.
2. She’s interested in astronomy but still can’t find her phone under a cushion.
3. He’s good at cooking, unless the recipe includes the dangerous word “gently.”
4. I’m good at making plans and even better at canceling them dramatically.
5. Who is responsible for this chaos, this glitter, and this goat in the garden?
6. She is responsible for organizing the event, so naturally everything is color-coded.
7. Your excuse is very similar to the one my brother used when he blamed gravity.
8. This painting is similar to modern art, except the artist was actually a confused toddler.
9. He was angry about the result but strangely calm about losing his left shoe.
10. The coach was angry with the team after they celebrated before scoring.

B) Verb + preposition

• depend on
• insist on
• belong to
• accuse of
• concentrate on

Örnekler:

1. Success often depends on preparation, luck, and pretending not to panic.
2. Our picnic depends on the weather and on whether your cousin brings twelve speakers again.
3. He insisted on paying for dinner even though he had forgotten his wallet.
4. My cat insists on sleeping on the laptop exactly when I have work to do.
5. That jacket belongs to me, although my sister has adopted it emotionally.
6. This mysterious charger belongs to someone, but nobody knows who in this house.
7. They accused him of eating the last cookie, and the crumbs on his shirt did not help.
8. She was accused of cheating, mainly because her answers were suspiciously beautiful.
9. I tried to concentrate on the lecture, but the man outside was arguing with a pigeon.
10. Please concentrate on the road, not on your tragic haircut from 2014.

C) Noun + preposition

• reason for
• solution to
• attitude to / towards

Örnekler:

1. There is no good reason for wearing sunglasses indoors unless you are a celebrity or a cucumber.
2. The reason for his silence was simple: he had forgotten the question.
3. There is no easy solution to traffic, but flying carpets deserve a government trial.
4. Her solution to stress was tea, blankets, and ignoring her phone heroically.
5. His attitude towards homework is complicated, emotional, and mostly fictional.
6. A positive attitude to criticism is useful, though painfully rare.

6) OVER / ABOVE / UNDER / BELOW

Bu dört yapı ilk bakışta benzer görünür ama kullanım farkları nettir.

• over: üstünde, çoğu zaman kapsayacak şekilde ya da hareketle
• above: daha yukarıda; doğrudan temas ya da kapsama fikri olmak zorunda değildir
• under: altında; fiziksel ya da mecaz anlamda olabilir
• below: daha aşağıda; ölçü, seviye, derece, sıra gibi durumlarda çok kullanılır

7) BETWEEN / AMONG / WITHIN / THROUGHOUT

Bu grup özellikle okuma parçalarında ve akademik metinlerde çok çıkar.

• between: iki şey/kişi arasında; bazen net ayrılmış birkaç unsur için de kullanılır
• among: bir grubun içinde / arasında
• within: içinde, sınırları dahilinde, belirli süre içinde
• throughout: boyunca, her yerine yayılmış şekilde

8) AGAINST / FOR / DESPITE / IN SPITE OF

Bu bölüm özellikle paragraf sorularında ve bağlaç-preposition karışımında önemlidir.

• against: karşı, aleyhinde, bir şeye dayanmış halde
• for: için, lehine, amacıyla
• despite / in spite of: rağmen

Buradaki en önemli nokta şudur: despite / in spite of + noun / pronoun / V-ing gelir. Ama although / even though + clause gelir. Bu ayrım sınavda çok sorulur.

9) BESIDE / BESIDES / EXCEPT / APART FROM

Bu dörtlü sınavlarda ince anlam farkıyla gelir.

• beside: yanında
• besides: ayrıca, bunun dışında
• except: hariç
• apart from: dışında / hariç / ayrıca

10) DUE TO / BECAUSE OF / OWING TO / THANKS TO

Bu grup neden-sonuç anlatır. Akademik ve resmi metinlerde çok geçer.

• because of: yüzünden / nedeniyle
• due to: nedeniyle, -e bağlı olarak
• owing to: nedeniyle, daha resmi
• thanks to: sayesinde

Burada dikkat edilmesi gereken temel nokta, özellikle daha resmi yazıda due to ve owing to kullanımının sıklaşmasıdır. Günlük dilde because of daha yaygındır.

11) OF

Of çok sık görülen ama öğrencilerin çoğu tarafından hafife alınan prepositionlardan biridir. Aidiyet, parça-bütün ilişkisi, içerik, sebep ve bazı sabit kalıplarda karşımıza çıkar. B2 seviyesinde özellikle adjective + of, noun + of ve verb + of yapılarında önemlidir.

Sık kullanılan kalıplar

Örnekler:

1. I’m fully aware of my mistakes, especially the one where I trusted a recipe called “easy” and ended up washing twenty-seven dishes.
2. The room was full of cousins, noise, tea glasses, and one uncle giving life advice nobody had requested.

12) FOR

For amaç, sebep, yarar, süre ve temsil anlamlarında çok kullanılır. B2 seviyesinde özellikle kalıp yapılarda ve neden-sonuç bağlamlarında önemlidir.

Sık kullanılan kalıplar

Örnekler:

1. My brother is famous for making confident decisions with absolutely no useful information.
2. We waited for the bus so long that I started forming an emotional bond with the bus stop.

13) AT

At yalnızca yer ve zaman için değil, yetenek, tepki, hedef ve bakış yönü anlatırken de çok güçlü bir prepositiondır.

Sık kullanılan kalıplar

Örnekler:

1. I’m good at explaining grammar but surprisingly bad at finding my own keys.
2. The whole class laughed at Ahmet’s joke, mostly because the teacher laughed first and everyone wanted to survive.

14) TO

To yalnızca yön bildiren bir yapı değildir. B2 seviyesinde çok sayıda sabit kalıpta yer alır. Özellikle solution to, response to, similar to, belong to, object to gibi yapılar sınav için önemlidir.

Sık kullanılan kalıplar

Örnekler:

1. This explanation is similar to the one my friend gave me last week, except yours contains fewer dramatic hand movements.
2. He objected to the plan so passionately that even the coffee machine looked uncomfortable.

15) ON

On yüzey anlamının ötesine geçip bağımlılık, odak, ısrar, temel, etki gibi anlamlarda çok güçlü bir role sahiptir. Akademik metinlerde ve paragraf sorularında sık görülür.

Sık kullanılan kalıplar

Örnekler:

1. My cousin is keen on extreme sports, while I consider walking upstairs a personal achievement.
2. The success of the picnic depended on the weather, the food, and whether Uncle Selim would bring a speaker larger than the table.

Tüm Konuyu Kapsayan Karışık Boşluk Doldurma Çalışmaları

Karışık Çalışma 1

1. I haven’t seen him ___ last summer.
2. The children climbed ___ the wall and jumped into the garden.
3. She arrived ___ the station just before the train left.
4. We talked ___ the project for nearly two hours.
5. This sculpture was made ___ metal and glass.
6. He has worked here ___ five years.
7. Please don’t open the oven ___ the cake is ready.
8. My brother is really bad ___ keeping secrets.
9. The village is famous ___ its handmade carpets.
10. The dog ran ___ the house when it saw the vacuum cleaner.
11. I left my bag ___ the chair near the window.
12. They must submit the form ___ noon tomorrow.

Karışık Çalışma 2

1. There is a clock hanging ___ the fireplace.
2. The village remained peaceful ___ the year, even during the tourist season.
3. The choice ___ working abroad and staying home was not easy for her.
4. He felt relaxed ___ people who shared similar interests.
5. ___ the heavy traffic, we arrived on time.
6. I sat ___ the window so I could watch the rain.
7. Everyone agreed, ___ one student who raised an objection.
8. The report must be completed ___ one week.
9. The company’s losses were mainly ___ poor management.
10. Several ancient coins were discovered hidden ___ the floor.
11. The child hid ___ the table when he heard the vacuum cleaner.
12. Her success came ___ determination rather than luck.
13. The smell of soup spread ___ the building.
14. Many citizens voted ___ the new environmental policy.
15. The teacher walked slowly ___ the desks, checking each paper.

Karışık Çalışma 3

1. The children ran ___ the garden when they heard the ice cream truck.
2. She has been interested ___ psychology since high school.
3. We arrived ___ the airport much earlier than expected.
4. The report must be submitted ___ Friday afternoon.
5. He is famous ___ telling long stories that somehow never reach the point.
6. The painting hanging ___ the fireplace was bought in a small village.
7. They objected ___ building a shopping mall in the historic district.
8. I found my charger ___ the sofa, exactly where I had looked three times already.
9. The meeting was canceled ___ technical problems.
10. Everyone laughed ___ the joke, even the principal.
11. There is a strong demand ___ affordable housing in large cities.
12. She is capable ___ handling complex negotiations calmly.
13. We had to choose ___ two equally difficult options.
14. He apologized ___ being late and blamed the traffic, the weather, and fate.
15. The article is based ___ recent field research.
16. The smell of fresh bread spread ___ the entire building.
17. He has lived in Ankara ___ 2021.
18. The teacher asked us to concentrate ___ the final paragraph.
19. Apart ___ a few spelling errors, the essay was excellent.
20. The child climbed ___ the chair to reach the cookies.
21. The company’s recovery was largely ___ careful planning.
22. She stared ___ me as if I had just said the moon was made of soup.
23. Please reply ___ my email by tomorrow morning.
24. The room was full ___ balloons, flowers, and one confused cat.
25. We stayed there ___ the storm ended.
26. The scientist is well known ___ her work on renewable energy.
27. He was accused ___ leaking confidential information.
28. The village remained lively ___ the summer.
29. I sat ___ my friend during the ceremony.
30. There is no simple solution ___ this problem, but there are several reasonable approaches.

B2 Prepositions – 40 Soruluk YDT Tarzı Test

Aşağıdaki cümlelerde boş bırakılan yerlere uygun düşen seçeneği işaretleyiniz.

1. 1. The manager insisted ___ reviewing the final version of the report before it was submitted.
   1. at
   2. on
   3. in
   4. to
   5. for
2. 2. The museum is famous ___ its collection of Ottoman manuscripts.
   1. of
   2. with
   3. for
   4. about
   5. on
3. 3. We had to choose ___ staying in the city and moving to a smaller town.
   1. among
   2. within
   3. through
   4. between
   5. beside
4. 4. The old bridge collapsed ___ years of neglect and poor maintenance.
   1. thanks to
   2. due to
   3. in spite of
   4. apart from
   5. beyond
5. 5. She is highly capable ___ managing large teams under pressure.
   1. at
   2. with
   3. to
   4. of
   5. on
6. 6. The children ran ___ the classroom as soon as the bell rang.
   1. into
   2. onto
   3. over
   4. through
   5. beside
7. 7. I have not heard ___ him since he moved abroad last year.
   1. about
   2. of
   3. from
   4. on
   5. with
8. 8. The company is working ___ a new strategy to reduce costs.
   1. in
   2. on
   3. at
   4. over
   5. from
9. 9. There is a clear difference ___ speaking a language and using it effectively in real life.
   1. from
   2. among
   3. through
   4. between
   5. beside
10. 10. He apologized ___ his rude behavior during the meeting.
    1. to
    2. with
    3. for
    4. on
    5. at
11. 11. The cat was hiding ___ the sofa while the guests were in the living room.
    1. above
    2. beside
    3. under
    4. throughout
    5. across
12. 12. The flight was delayed ___ adverse weather conditions.
    1. because of
    2. despite
    3. according to
    4. instead of
    5. except for
13. 13. She has been interested ___ environmental issues since high school.
    1. on
    2. in
    3. at
    4. of
    5. with
14. 14. The students were amazed ___ the scientist’s simple explanation of a complex issue.
    1. by
    2. with
    3. at
    4. on
    5. in
15. 15. Several villages were left without electricity ___ the storm.
    1. owing to
    2. despite
    3. throughout
    4. beneath
    5. beyond
16. 16. There is little demand ___ printed encyclopedias these days.
    1. of
    2. on
    3. for
    4. to
    5. with
17. 17. The teacher asked us to concentrate ___ the final paragraph of the text.
    1. at
    2. on
    3. to
    4. of
    5. for
18. 18. We arrived ___ the station just in time to catch the last train.
    1. in
    2. to
    3. at
    4. on
    5. by
19. 19. The smell of fresh coffee spread ___ the entire office.
    1. during
    2. within
    3. throughout
    4. under
    5. between
20. 20. The report is based ___ data collected over a ten-year period.
    1. in
    2. on
    3. with
    4. for
    5. by
21. 21. She objected ___ the proposal because it ignored the needs of rural communities.
    1. for
    2. with
    3. to
    4. at
    5. over
22. 22. The village lies ___ two mountains and a narrow river.
    1. throughout
    2. among
    3. between
    4. above
    5. against
23. 23. We managed to complete the project ___ two weeks despite several technical setbacks.
    1. within
    2. by
    3. during
    4. until
    5. through
24. 24. The audience laughed ___ the comedian’s unexpected final joke.
    1. to
    2. about
    3. of
    4. at
    5. on
25. 25. He is not aware ___ the changes that have recently been made to the schedule.
    1. with
    2. from
    3. of
    4. by
    5. for
26. 26. The hikers walked slowly ___ the forest, enjoying the silence and fresh air.
    1. across
    2. through
    3. onto
    4. beside
    5. above
27. 27. The conference was held ___ Monday morning in the main hall.
    1. in
    2. at
    3. by
    4. on
    5. since
28. 28. She has lived in this neighborhood ___ 2020.
    1. during
    2. for
    3. since
    4. by
    5. until
29. 29. The new regulation may have a serious impact ___ small businesses.
    1. to
    2. on
    3. for
    4. of
    5. with
30. 30. The child climbed ___ the chair to reach the cookies on the shelf.
    1. into
    2. over
    3. onto
    4. through
    5. below
31. 31. Everyone agreed with the decision ___ one committee member who remained undecided.
    1. besides
    2. except
    3. beside
    4. apart
    5. throughout
32. 32. The researchers are looking ___ a practical solution to the water shortage.
    1. at
    2. after
    3. for
    4. into
    5. onto
33. 33. The painting hanging ___ the fireplace is worth a fortune.
    1. under
    2. above
    3. below
    4. through
    5. within
34. 34. He succeeded ___ convincing the board to invest in the new project.
    1. on
    2. at
    3. for
    4. in
    5. to
35. 35. The child hid behind the curtain ___ fear of the loud thunder.
    1. for
    2. from
    3. with
    4. at
    5. in
36. 36. The speaker moved slowly ___ one topic to another without confusing the audience.
    1. between
    2. among
    3. from
    4. through
    5. off
37. 37. The workers are protesting ___ the company’s decision to reduce wages.
    1. against
    2. for
    3. with
    4. among
    5. upon
38. 38. Please submit your application ___ Friday; otherwise, it will not be considered.
    1. until
    2. by
    3. during
    4. for
    5. through
39. 39. She is very good ___ dealing with difficult customers calmly.
    1. in
    2. with
    3. at
    4. for
    5. of
40. 40. ___ all the warnings, he still went swimming in the freezing lake.
    1. Because of
    2. According to
    3. Due to
    4. Despite
    5. Thanks to